What is an Ankle Fracture?
An ankle fracture, more commonly known as a broken ankle, is an injury that occurs when one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint break. The ankle joint is a complex structure that plays an important role in supporting body weight and enabling movement. It is composed of three bones, along with several ligaments and tendons that provide stability and mobility. The three bones are the tibia (shinbone), the fibula (calf bone) and the talus (bone which connects the leg to the foot).
Ankle fractures can range from mild to severe and can be classified into various types depending on their location:
- Lateral malleolus fracture: A fracture of the fibula near the ankle joint, on the outer side of the ankle.
- Medial malleolus fracture: A fracture of the tibia near the ankle joint, on the inner side of the ankle.
- Posterior malleolus fracture: A fracture of the tibia's posterior portion, which forms the back part of the ankle joint.
- Bimalleolar fracture: A fracture involving both the lateral and medial malleoli, which often results in an unstable ankle.
- Trimalleolar fracture: A fracture involving the lateral and medial malleoli, as well as the posterior malleolus. This type of fracture is usually more severe and requires surgical intervention.
- Talus fracture: A fracture of the talus bone, which can range from minor to severe.
- Avulsion fracture: A fracture where a small piece of bone is pulled away from the main bone by a ligament or tendon.
Risk Factors for Ankle Fractures
Some factors that may increase the risk of an ankle fractures include:
- Participation in high-impact sports
- High forces through the ankle joint
- Osteoporosis or weak bones
- Advanced age
- Being overweight
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Smoking
Symptoms of an Ankle Fracture
Individuals who experience an ankle fracture may have the following symptoms:
- Sudden and severe pain
- Swelling and bruising
- Inability to weight bear on the affected ankle
- Deformity or visible bone protrusion
- Limited range of movement
Causes of Ankle Fractures
Ankle fractures can result from various incidents, commonly these include:
- A sudden twist or roll of the ankle, often occurring during sports activities.
- Direct impact to the ankle, such as from a fall or collision
- Missteps on uneven surfaces or stairs
Diagnosis
A healthcare professional will perform a thorough physical examination and ask about the circumstances of the injury. Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity or extent of the fracture and possible associated injuries.
Treatment
The treatment of an ankle fracture depends on the type and severity of the injury. Treatment options can be divided into non-surgical and surgical approaches.
Non-Surgical Treatment:
- Immobilisation: A cast, splint, or boot may be used to immobilise the ankle, allowing the bones to heal properly.
- Medication: Over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications may be prescribed to alleviate pain and reduce swelling.
- Elevation and ice: Elevating the injured ankle and applying ice can help minimise swelling and discomfort.
- Physiotherapy: Once the fracture has healed, a physiotherapist may recommend exercises and stretches to restore strength, flexibility, and range of movement.
Surgical Treatment:
In cases of severe or displaced fractures, surgery may be necessary to realign the bones and secure them with screws, plates, or other hardware. Surgical options may include:
- Open reduction and internal fixation: This procedure involves realigning the broken bones and securing them in place using metal plates, screws, or pins.
- External fixation: In certain cases, an external frame may be used to hold the bones in place while they heal. Rods or pins are inserted through the skin and into the bone, and then connected to the external frame
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to regain normal function and prevent long-term complications. If you have any concerns or questions regarding ankle fractures or have recently injured your ankle and require review, please contact us and book an appointment with Dr Graff for review.
